ABSTRACT
Abstract Smog has become the fifth season of Pakistan especially in Lahore city. Increased level of air pollutants (primary and secondary) are thought to be responsible for the formation of smog in Lahore. Therefore, the current study was carried out for the evaluation of air pollutants (primary and secondary) of smog in Wagah border particularly and other sites (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. For this purpose, baseline data on winter smog from March to December on primary and secondary air pollutants and meteorological parameters was collected from Environmental Protection Department and Pakistan Meteorological Department respectively. Devices being used in both departments for analysis of parameters were also studied. Collected data was further statistically analyzed to determine the correlation of parameters with meteorological conditions and was subjected to air quality index. According to results, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found very high above the NEQS. NOx concentrations were also high above the permissible limits whereas SO2 and O3 were found below the NEQS thus have no roles in smog formation. Air Quality Index (AQI) of pollutants was PM 2.5(86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) and SO2 (10-95). AQI of PM 2.5 remained between moderate to very unhealthy levels. AQI of PM 10 remained between good to hazardous levels. AQI of NOx remained between good to unhealthy for sensitive groups levels. AQI of O3 and SO2 remained between good to moderate levels. Pearson correlation showed that every pollutant has a different relation with different or same parameters in different areas. It is concluded from the present study that particulate matter was much more responsible for smog formation. Although NOx also played role in smog formation. So there is need to reduce sources of particulate matter and NOx specifically in order to reduce smog formation in Lahore.
Resumo Smog tornou-se a quinta estação do Paquistão, especialmente na cidade de Lahore. Acredita-se que o aumento do nível de poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) seja responsável pela formação de poluição atmosférica em Lahore. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para a avaliação dos poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) do smog na fronteira de Wagah em particular e em outros locais (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. Para este propósito, os dados de referência sobre a poluição atmosférica de inverno de março a dezembro sobre poluentes atmosféricos primários e secundários e parâmetros meteorológicos foram coletados do Departamento de Proteção Ambiental e do Departamento Meteorológico do Paquistão, respectivamente. Dispositivos sendo usados em ambos os departamentos para análise de parâmetros também foram estudados. Os dados coletados foram posteriormente analisados estatisticamente para determinar a correlação dos parâmetros com as condições meteorológicas e foram submetidos ao índice de qualidade do ar. De acordo com os resultados, PM 10 e PM 2,5 foram encontrados muito acima do NEQS. As concentrações de NOx também estavam muito acima dos limites permitidos, enquanto SO2 e O3 foram encontrados abaixo do NEQS, portanto, não têm papéis na formação de smog. O índice de qualidade do ar (AQI) de poluentes foi PM 2,5 (86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) e SO2 (10-95). O AQI de PM 2,5 permaneceu entre níveis moderados a muito prejudiciais à saúde. O AQI de PM 10 permaneceu entre níveis bons e perigosos. AQI de NOx permaneceu entre bom e não saudável para os níveis de grupos sensíveis. O AQI de O3 e SO2 permaneceu entre níveis bons a moderados. A correlação de Pearson mostrou que cada poluente tem uma relação diferente com parâmetros diferentes ou iguais em áreas diferentes. Conclui-se do presente estudo que o material particulado foi muito mais responsável pela formação de smog. Embora o NOx também tenha desempenhado um papel na formação do smog. Portanto, é necessário reduzir as fontes de partículas e NOx, especificamente para reduzir a formação de smog em Lahore.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Smog has become the fifth season of Pakistan especially in Lahore city. Increased level of air pollutants (primary and secondary) are thought to be responsible for the formation of smog in Lahore. Therefore, the current study was carried out for the evaluation of air pollutants (primary and secondary) of smog in Wagah border particularly and other sites (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. For this purpose, baseline data on winter smog from March to December on primary and secondary air pollutants and meteorological parameters was collected from Environmental Protection Department and Pakistan Meteorological Department respectively. Devices being used in both departments for analysis of parameters were also studied. Collected data was further statistically analyzed to determine the correlation of parameters with meteorological conditions and was subjected to air quality index. According to results, PM 10 and PM 2.5 were found very high above the NEQS. NOx concentrations were also high above the permissible limits whereas SO2 and O3 were found below the NEQS thus have no roles in smog formation. Air Quality Index (AQI) of pollutants was PM 2.5(86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) and SO2 (10-95). AQI of PM 2.5 remained between moderate to very unhealthy levels. AQI of PM 10 remained between good to hazardous levels. AQI of NOx remained between good to unhealthy for sensitive groups' levels. AQI of O3 and SO2 remained between good to moderate levels. Pearson correlation showed that every pollutant has a different relation with different or same parameters in different areas. It is concluded from the present study that particulate matter was much more responsible for smog formation. Although NOx also played role in smog formation. So there is need to reduce sources of particulate matter and NOx specifically in order to reduce smog formation in Lahore.
Resumo Smog tornou-se a quinta estação do Paquistão, especialmente na cidade de Lahore. Acredita-se que o aumento do nível de poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) seja responsável pela formação de poluição atmosférica em Lahore. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para a avaliação dos poluentes atmosféricos (primários e secundários) do smog na fronteira de Wagah em particular e em outros locais (Jail road, Gulburg) Lahore. Para este propósito, os dados de referência sobre a poluição atmosférica de inverno de março a dezembro sobre poluentes atmosféricos primários e secundários e parâmetros meteorológicos foram coletados do Departamento de Proteção Ambiental e do Departamento Meteorológico do Paquistão, respectivamente. Dispositivos sendo usados em ambos os departamentos para análise de parâmetros também foram estudados. Os dados coletados foram posteriormente analisados estatisticamente para determinar a correlação dos parâmetros com as condições meteorológicas e foram submetidos ao índice de qualidade do ar. De acordo com os resultados, PM 10 e PM 2,5 foram encontrados muito acima do NEQS. As concentrações de NOx também estavam muito acima dos limites permitidos, enquanto SO2 e O3 foram encontrados abaixo do NEQS, portanto, não têm papéis na formação de smog. O índice de qualidade do ar (AQI) de poluentes foi PM 2,5 (86-227), PM 10 (46-332), NOx (26-110), O3 (19-84) e SO2 (10-95). O AQI de PM 2,5 permaneceu entre níveis moderados a muito prejudiciais à saúde. O AQI de PM 10 permaneceu entre níveis bons e perigosos. AQI de NOx permaneceu entre bom e não saudável para os níveis de grupos sensíveis. O AQI de O3 e SO2 permaneceu entre níveis bons a moderados. A correlação de Pearson mostrou que cada poluente tem uma relação diferente com parâmetros diferentes ou iguais em áreas diferentes. Conclui-se do presente estudo que o material particulado foi muito mais responsável pela formação de smog. Embora o NOx também tenha desempenhado um papel na formação do smog. Portanto, é necessário reduzir as fontes de partículas e NOx, especificamente para reduzir a formação de smog em Lahore.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Pakistan , Smog , Environmental Monitoring , Cities , Particulate Matter/analysisABSTRACT
Surgical smoke is a by-product of aerosol produced by electrosurgical equipment, laser and other energy equipments when cuting tissue or coagulating blood vessels. It contains non-active particles, organic chemicals, pathogens, viable cells and so on. The characteristics of surgical smoke components produced by different types of tissues or using different kinds of energy devices are different. For example, the average diameter of smoke particles produced by electrocautery is smaller, the possibility of viable cells and pathogens in surgical smoke produced by ultrasonic knife is higher. According to the characteristics of its composition, surgical smoke may be an imporant risk factor to the health and safety of operating room staff and patients. The use of surgical masks, suction devices and portable smoke evacuation systems can reduce the risk to some extent. But the most operating room staff don′t take corresponding measures to protect them. In this paper, the characteristics of surgical smoke and the research progress of protective measures will be briefly reviewed.
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Abstract Background: Air contamination happens when unsafe or inordinate amounts of substances including gases, particles, and organic atoms are brought into Earth's climate. Objective: This review article defines air pollution, describes the types of pollutants, enumerates the various causative factors, enumerates the ways it impacts human health and suggests preventive measures to reduce the impact of air pollution on human health. Methods: Literature was studied extensively and effects of air pollution on human health have been described. Results and Conclusion: Air pollution has tremendous effects on human health in the form of respiratory diseases and aggravations in the form of asthma and lung cancer, cardiovascular dysfunctions, and malignant growth. An affiliation has been found to exist between male infertility and air pollution and a relationship has been established between air contamination and higher danger of immune dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neurobehavioral hyperactivity, crime, age-unseemly behaviours, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Traffic-related air pollutants have been found to affect skin aging and cause pigmented spots on the face. An association exists between air pollution and irritation of the eyes, dry eye syndrome, risk for retinopathy and adverse ocular outcomes. Chronic exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy has been associated with adverse effects on the developing foetus in the form of low birth weight and still birth. Air contamination has been seen as a significant supporter of the expanded predominance of allergic diseases in children.
Subject(s)
Skin Diseases/diagnosis , Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects , Environmental Pollution/analysis , Disease/etiology , Costa Rica , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosisABSTRACT
Abstract Although regular physical activity is recommended for health, highly contaminated air exposure acts to the detriment of the benefits produced in individuals. The purpose of the present study was to compare the accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior during the whole day, in-school time, out-of-school time, and school breaks between highly contaminated air days and non-highly contaminated air days in Chilean adolescents. Nineteen adolescents from Santiago of Chile were assessed by a GT3X accelerometer. The vertical axis and steps per minute for the whole day, and both of these variables together with the percentage of time of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level in the out-of-school time period were higher in highly contaminated air days than in non-highly contaminated air days (p < 0.05; with effect sizes from r = 0.36 to r = 0.46). Results for sedentary behavior were similar in both conditions for every period of time analyzed. These results allow us to conclude the lack of awareness of the participants in this research regarding the health repercussions in relation to the physical activity performed during air pollution exposure. Some strategies in order to improve the Chilean adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behavior are suggested and discussed.
Resumo Embora a atividade física regular seja recomendada para saúde, a exposição de indivíduos ao ar altamente contaminado pode levar a perda dos benefícios produzidos. O propósito do presente estudo foi comparar o nível de atividade fisica e o comportamento sedentário durante e fora das aulas escolares, e nos recessos escolares entre dias altamente contaminados e dias não contaminados em adolescentes chilenos. Dezenove adolescentes de Santiago foram avaliados por um acelerômetro GT3X. O eixo vertical e os passos por minuto durante um dia inteiro, e as duas variáveis assim como a porcentagem de tempo de atividade fisica moderada a vigorosa no período do tempo fora da escola foi superior em dias altamente contaminados do que em dias não altamente contaminados (p < 0.05; r = 0.36 a r = 0.46). O resultado do comportamento sedentário foi similar em ambas as condições para cada período do tempo analisado. Esses resultados permitem concluir que a falta de consciência dos participantes nessa pesquisa relativa à repercussão na saúde com relação a atividade física executado durante exposição da poluição atmosférica. Algumas estratégias a fim de melhorar o nível de atividade fisica de adolescentes chilenos e comportamentos sedentários são sugeridas e discutidas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Schools/statistics & numerical data , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Sedentary Behavior , Accelerometry , Time Factors , Exercise/psychology , ChileABSTRACT
Abstract A peace agreement was recently subjected to a plebiscite as a solution to finish the Colombian armed conflict. With 62.57% of abstention, 18.44% of the Colombian electorate rejected this agreement. This paper aims to propose a methodological approach that shows how to linguistically analyze peace agreements as political products that are acceptable or not according to their text difficulty. Given the socio-political similarities of the armed conflicts of Colombia, Guatemala, and El Salvador, we scrutinized with sufficient computational detail these peace agreements. The results revealed that the text difficulty of these accords was more appropriate for a person with at least 19 years of education, suggesting that these sort of texts are not written for broader and less-educated audiences.
Resumen El gobierno de Colombia sometió recientemente a plebiscito un acuerdo de paz para dar por finalizado su conflicto armado. Para este plebiscito la abstención electoral fue del 62.57% y solo el 18.44% de los votantes rechazó la implementación del acuerdo. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer una aproximación metodológica que muestre cómo analizar los acuerdos de paz como productos políticos que pueden ser aceptables o no según su dificultad textual. Dadas las semejanzas socio-políticas de los conflictos armados en Colombia, Guatemala y El Salvador, en este trabajo se muestra con suficiente detalle computacional el análisis por minería de texto de los acuerdos de paz celebrados en estos países. Los resultados revelaron que la dificultad textual de estos acuerdos exige un nivel educativo de al menos 19 años de educación formal, lo que sugiere que ese tipo de documentos no suelen redactarse para audiencias más numerosas con menores niveles de educación formal.
Subject(s)
Human Rights , Smog , Communication Barriers , Armed Conflicts , Data MiningABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To check whether health risk impacts of exposure to airborne metals and Benzo(a) Pyrene during episodes of high PM10 concentrations lead to an increased number of lung cancer cases in Poland.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this work, we gathered data from 2002 to 2014 concerning the ambient concentrations of PM10 and PM10-bound carcinogenic Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] and As, Cd, Pb, and Ni. With the use of the criterion of the exceedance in the daily PM10 mass concentration on at least 50% of all the analyzed stations, the PM10 maxima's were selected. Lung cancer occurrences in periods with and without the episodes were further compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During a 12-year period, 348 large-scale smog episodes occurred in Poland. A total of 307 of these episodes occurred in the winter season, which is characterized by increased emissions from residential heating. The occurrence of episodes significantly (P < 0.05) increased the concentrations of PM10-bound carcinogenic As, Cd, Pb, Ni, and B(a)P. During these events, a significant increase in the overall health risk from those PM10-related compounds was also observed. The highest probability of lung cancer occurrences was found in cities, and the smallest probability was found in the remaining areas outside the cities and agglomerations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The link between PM pollution and cancer risk in Poland is a serious public health threat that needs further investigation.</p>
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Objective@#To explore the effects of cigarette smoke exposure during pregnancy on the quality of oocytes and the whole genome DNA methylation in the offspring of female mice during the period of germinal vesicle (GV) .@*Methods@#The pregnant 7 d mice were divided into 3 groups, exposure on the 0, 0.5, 1 lit cigarettes cabinet (volume 18 L) , at 9 am and 3 pm for 1 h twice daily, until delivery. When the mice were 6 weeks old, the organ index and the number of follicles in the ovary were detected by weighing and making HE stained sections. GV stage oocytes were obtained by Hoechst 33342 staining and indirect immunofluorescence to detect the quality of oocytes, chromatin configuration and whole genome DNA methylation level.@*Results@#Compared with the control group and low dose group, the offspring ovarian organ index of female mice in the high dose group decreased, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, the number of follicular oocytes in low dose group and high dose group female mice offspring decreased, the zona pellucida oocytes diameter decreased, and the zona pellucida thickness increased, the differences were statistical significance (P<0.05) . Compared with control group and low dose group, in the high dose group, the oocytes nucleus diameter of the female mice offspring decreased, the proportion of nucleolus surrounded type chromatin configuration (SN) decreased, and the proportion of nucleoil not surrounded type (NSN) increased, the relative fluorescence intensity of 5MeC decreased, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) .@*Conclusion@#Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy may reduce indicators of offspring ovarian organ index, female rat follicle number and oocyte quality change, the high dose group can lead to oocyte chromatin structure and DNA methylation level anomaly.
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Objective To explore the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on testis structure and nitric oxide (NO) level in testis of rats.Methods A total of 160 adult male SD rats were divided into control group and low,medium,high dose groups.The smoke-exposed rats were respectively exposed to the smog for the periods of 2,4,6,8 and 12 weeks,10 rats in each group.The smoke-exposed rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 0.5 h per day.The testicular tissue structure was observed and the body mass and the NO level of testis were measured.Results Compared with the control group and low dose group,the body mass of the rats was significantly lower in the medium and high dose groups exposed for 4,6,8,12 weeks (P<0.05).Compared with the medium dose groups,the body mass of the rats was significantly lower in the high dose group exposed for 8 weeks and 12 weeks (P<0.05).And with the increase of exposure dose,the reducing was even more obvious.Compared with the control group and low and medium dose groups,NO level in testis of rats was significantly increased in the high dose groups exposed for 2,4,6,8 weeks (P<0.05).Compared with the control group,NO level in testis of rats was significantly increased in the medium dose groups exposed for 8 weeks (P<0.05).Compared with the control group,NO level in testis of rats was significantly increased in the low,medium and high dose groups exposed for 12 weeks (P<0.05);and compared with the low dose group,NO level in testis of rats was significantly increased in the medium and high dose groups(P<0.05).Conclusion Cigarette smoke exposure may have impacts on testis tissue and lead to the increase of NO level in testis of male rats.
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Objetivo: Comparar la prevalencia de ronquido habitual como síntoma cardinal de los trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en población escolar de dos comunas de Santiago, de diferente nivel socioeconómico y exposición a contaminación ambiental. Métodos: Estudio transversal, de tipo ecológico. Se aplicó un cuestionario de sueño a los padres de escolares de 1° básico a 3°medio matriculados en dos colegios ubicados en las comunas de Puente Alto (zona sur oriente, colegio subvencionado) y Providencia (zona oriente, colegio particular). Los datos de contaminación ambiental se obtuvieron a partir del registro de estaciones de monitoreo. La caracterización socioeconómica comunal se realizó en base a fuentes ministeriales. Resultados: Los niveles de contaminación ambiental fueron mayores en el sector sur-oriente, comparado con el sector oriente de Santiago. Los indicadores comunales de nivel socioeconómico fueron superiores en la comuna de Providencia. La prevalencia de ronquido en escolares fue superior en el colegio ubicado en Puente Alto (18,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 14,0-21,6) en comparación al colegio ubicado en Providencia (0,7 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 0,1-2,4). Conclusión: La prevalencia de TRS fue diferente en las comunas estudiadas y podría estar atribuida a factores medioambientales y socioeconómicos. El presente estudio constituye un punto de partida para la realización de estudios de base individual.
Objective: To compare the prevalence of habitual snoring as cardinal symptom of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in schoolchildren from two communes of Santiago, presenting different levels of socioeconomic status and exposure to environmental pollution. Methods: Cross-sectional ecological study. A sleep questionnaire was administered to parents of primary school kids from 1st through 3rd grade, from two schools, one located in the district of Puente Alto (south-east, subsidized school) and the other in Providencia (east area, private school). Pollution data were obtained from monitoring stations. Socioeconomic characterization was performed based on government sources. Results: The levels of air pollution were higher in the south-east area, compared to the eastern sector of Santiago. Indicators of socioeconomic level were higher in the Providencia commune. The prevalence of snoring in students was higher in the school located in Puente Ailto (18.2 percent, 95 percent CI 14.0 to 21.6) compared to the school located in Providencia (0.7 percent, 95 percent CI 0.1 - 2.4). Conclusion: The prevalence of SDB was different in the communities studied and could be attributed to environmental and socioeconomic factors. This study is a starting point for further studies on individual basis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Child , Environmental Pollution/adverse effects , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/epidemiology , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prevalence , Respiratory Sounds , Smog , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo explore the influence of the cigarette smoke in the airway inflammation and pulmonary function of the asthmatic patients. MethodsTwenty-five cases of asthmatic patients with cigarette smoke exposure, 22 cases of asthmatic patients without cigarette smoke exposure and 20 cases of normal control persons were involved in this study. The proportion of various inflammatory cells in the induced sputum, the levels of serum interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-4 and lung function (FEV1％ expected value,FEV1/ＦVC％ ) were detected. ResultsThe infiltrating of neutrophils was primarily found in sputum of the asthmatic patients with cigarette smoke exposure, but the infiltrating of eosinophils was mainly in sputum of the asthmatic patients without cigarette smoke exposure. The levels of serum IL-8 and IL-4 of peripheral blood of asthmatic patients with cigarette smoke exposure[(277.02 ±71.37), (171.69 ±31.01) ng/L] were significantly higher than those in asthmatic patients without cigarette smoke exposure[(158.88 ± 21.95 ),( 111.42 ± 21.69 ) ng/L] and normal control persons [( 116.78 ± 71.37 ), (73.94 ± 15.72 ) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.01 ).The FEV1％ expected value and FEV1/FVC％ of the asthmatic patients with cigarette smoke exposure [(51.12 ± 13.30) ％, ( 49.16 ± 11.09 )％] was lower than those of asthmatic patients without cigarette smokeexposure [(81.81 ± 5.82)％, (79.00 ± 3.86)％] and normal control persona [(95.50 ± 10.11 )％, (83.18 ±6.04)％] (P ＜ 0.01 ). The level of serum IL-8 was positively correlated to the neutrophils percentage in the induced sputum (r =0.742,P＜ 0.01 ) ,while negatively correlated to the FEV1％ expected value(r =-0.739,P ＜ 0.01 ). ConclusionCigarette smoke may influence the airway inflammation of the asthmatic patients and accelerate the deterioration of their lung function by promoting the producing of IL-8.
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Objective To observe the effect of PDK ( phosphoinositol -3-kinase, PI3K)/Akt-Nrf2 (Nuclear factor -E2 related factor) signal pathway on γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) in the bronchial epithelial cells of rats treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Methods The bronchial epithelial cells were dealt with 10% concentration of CSE for different time and pretreated with PI3k inhibitor (LY294002). The expressions of Nrf2,p-Akt and γ-GCS proteins were examined by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and western blot. The expressions of γ-GCS mRNA were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Reduced glutathione(GSH) content and the lev-el of γ-CCS activi-ty were examined. Results GSH content in CSElh group was significantly decreased, but still higher in CSE3 and 6 groups compared to the control. Nrf2 protein mainly located in the cytoplasm. Nrf2 plasmosin mainly increased in the nucleus in control group, and Nrf2 nucleic protein significantly enhanced in CSE1, 3 and 6 groups. P-Akt protein was up-regulated at lh, reached its peak at 3h, declined slightly at 6h after exposure to CSE. The tendency of the percentage of p-Akt positive cells was as same as p-Akt protein. γ-GCS mRNA, protein and activity, gradually increased in CSE lh, CSE 3h,CSE 6h groups. Pretreated with LY294002, the expression of p-Akt protein was markedly decreases, while Nrf2 plasmosin expressed strongly, and γ-GCS mRNA, protein, activity and GSH content were significantly decreased compared to CSE3h group. Linear correlation analysis demonstrated that there were a positive correlation among Nrf2 and γ-GCS,γ-GCS activity, and among p-Akt and Nrf2,GSH,γ-GCS,γ-GCS activity. Conclusion P13K/Akt signal path might participate in Nrf2 nuclear translocation via regulating the expression of γ-GCS.
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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of voluntary smoke-free policies in Beijing.Methods With convenient sampling,91 restaurants and 85 restaurants were respectively selected before and after the initiation on voluntarily banning smoking in public eating and drinking places by the catering industry in Beijing,and including a follow-up surveillance on 23 restaurants.Field investigation on smoke-free rules and PM2.5 monitoring in and outside of these restaurants were conducted.Results There were no statistic differences among the proportion of restaurants with different smoking policies(?2=2.60,P=0.28).Univariate analysis showed that the indoor PM2.5 level was positively related with the outdoor PM2.5 level(?=0.51,t=7.01,P
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Objective To explore the effects of smog and elastase on the pulmonary functions and histology during the pathogeny of rabbits' chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema. Methods Forty-eight New Zealand rabbits were divided into smoking, elastase, combined and control groups,and given smog produced from cigarette or injected elastase into trachea. Seven weeks later, pulmonary functions, artery blood gas analysis and pulmonary histology were detected. Results Compared with control group, vital volume (V T),forced expiratory volume in 0 3 second (FEV 0 3 ),FEV 0 3 /FVC (forced expiratory capacity), PaO 2,PaCO 2,total lung capacity (TLC),functional residual capacity (FRC), density of alveolar septum (Ds), number of alveolus (Na) and diameter of alveolus (Da) in both elastase (P0 05). Morphological changes of obstructive emphysema were noticed under naked eyes and optical microscope in combined group, while only slight changes could be seen in elastase group. No above change was observed in smoking group. Conclusions Rabbits' obstructive pulmonary emphysema can be induced by elastase, and smog can increase its induction and formation.
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AIM: To establish rat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) models by passive cigarette smoking plus intratracheal instillation of lipopolysacchride(LPS) or passive cigarette smoking only, which would be similar to the pathogenesis of human COPD. METHODS: 48 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups.(1) Healthy control I group( n =12), rats were bred 4 weeks;healthy control II group( n =12), rats were bred for 3 months. (2) Model group I ( n =12), 200 ?g lipopolysaccharide(LPS) was instilled intratracheally once for every two weeks and the rats were exposured to 5% of cigarette smoke, 0.5 h/d for 4 weeks.(3) Model group II(n=12),rats were exposed to 5% of cigarette smoke, 0.5 h/d for 3 months. The pathologic changes of airways and lung tissues, pulmonary function and blood gas analysis were determined. The airway wall lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages were counted. The cross areas of epithelial layer, smooth muscle layer and lamina propria of bronchi were measured. The hydroxyproline of lung tissue homogenates was determined by biochemistry method. RESULTS: The pathologic changes of airways and lung tissue of two models were similar to but milder than those of COPD patients(biopsy data). The collagen deposition and the cross areas of epithelial layer and smooth muscle layer in airway walls of two model groups were significantly increased than those of control groups( P
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Objective To explore the variation of engine exhausts and its secondary pollutant in the daytime. Methods The concentration of engine exhausts(NOx) and its secondary pollutant(O3) were determined during 7:00-17:00, Apr 10th and 12th, 2005. The ratio of air pollutants to vehicle flow (KNOx, KO3) was analyzed to reflect the variation of air pollutants concentration in the daytime. Results The values of KNOx, and KO3 showed the same trend during 7:00-9:00 and 17:00-18:00, the opposite trend during 11:00-15:00. The peak value was observed at 12:00 for KNOx with the lowest level, at 13:00 for KO3 with the highest level. Conclusion Air pollution by secondary pollutant from engine exhausts is associated with sunlight.
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AIM: To study the effect of cigarette smoke medium(CSM) on the gene expression and activity of gelatinases from alveolar macrophages(AMs) in the rat,and then to explore their role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).METHODS: AMs were obtained from BALF of the rats that had smoked for 12 weeks.CSM was produced following the method of Wirtz and colleagues,and the cultured AMs were respectively stimulated for 24 h by 0%,1%,3%,5%,10%, 15% CSM.The mRNA levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2 were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR,and the enzyme activity was measured by Zymography.RESULTS: When the concentration of CSM was below 5%,the expression and activity of MMP-9 and MMP-2 signficantly increased with the concentration of CSM in a dose-depended manner(P
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AIM: To study the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on adhesion and migration of human airway epithelial cells and it's mechanism. METHODS: After 24 h culture, the airway epithelial cells were treated with different concentrations of CSE. The rate of cell attachment and the velocity of cell migration were measured. The expression of FIP200 mRNA and protein were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: CSE inhibited the rate of cell attachment and the velocity of cell migration. Meanwhile CSE increased the expression level of FIP200 mRNA and FIP200 protein. The effects of CSE became more evident with increased concentration of CSE. Expression of FIP200 mRNA and FIP200 protein were positively correlated to the decreased rate of cell attachment and the velocity of cell migration. CONCLUSION: CSE inhibits the rate of cell attachment, the velocity of cell migration and increases the expression of FIP200.